In literature, what does "theme" refer to?

The term "theme" in literature refers to the central idea, topic, or message that the author conveys through their work. It encompasses the underlying message or significant concept that runs throughout the narrative, influencing the characters, plot, and overall story. The theme may explore universal aspects of the human experience, such as love, conflict, morality, or identity, and invites readers to reflect on these ideas. In contrast to other elements like the author's life story, which provides context but is not the core message of the text, or the setting, which describes where and when the story takes place, the theme serves as the foundation of the text's meaning. Additionally, the chronological order of events, though important for narrative structure, does not convey the deeper significance the theme offers. Understanding the theme allows readers to engage with the text on a deeper level, recognizing its relevance to their own lives and society.